In March and April 2021, Vladimir Putin ordered the Russian military to deploy thousands of people and equipment along its border with Ukraine and in Crimea, the greatest mobilisation since the 2014 invasion of Crimea. This caused a crisis and invasion fears. Satellite photography indicated armour, missiles, and heavy weapons. The forces were largely evacuated by June 2021, but in October and November 2021, over 100,000 Russian troops massed around Ukraine on three sides.
The 2014 Russo-Ukrainian War and War in Donbas caused the problem. In December 2021, Russia advanced two draught treaties containing "security guarantees," including a legally binding promise that Ukraine would not join NATO and a reduction in NATO troops and military hardware in Eastern Europe, and threatened an unspecified military response if those demands were not met in full. NATO rejected these recommendations, and the US threatened Russia of "swift and punishing" economic consequences if it invaded Ukraine further. Many observers called it Europe's worst crisis since the Cold War.
On February 21, 2022, Russia recognised Donetsk and Luhansk as separate republics and sent soldiers to Donbas, a move viewed as Russia's departure from the Minsk Protocol. The breakaway republics were recognised inside their Ukrainian oblasts, which stretch beyond the line of contact. Putin declared the Minsk accords invalid on February 22. The Federation Council authorised military force the same day. Putin declared a "special military operation" in the Donbas and a full-scale invasion of Ukraine on February 24.
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