A Text Book of Animal Behaviour

Author: C.S.K MISHRA - TANUSHREE MOHARANA

Animal Behaviour............................................................................................1 
1.0 Introduction 
1.1 Origin and history of ethology 
1.2 Brief profiles 
1.2.1 Karl von Frish 
1.2.2 Ivan Pavlov 
1.2.3 Konrad Lorenz 
1.2.4 Niko Tinbergen 
1.3 Proximate and Ultimate causes of behaviour 
1.3.1 The Proximate causes of behaviour 
1.3.2 The ultimate causes of behaviour 
1.3.3 Proximate and Ultimate Causes Are Complementary 
1.4 Objective of behaviour 
1.5 Behaviour as a basis of evolution 
1.6 Behaviour as a discipline of science 
1.7 Innate behaviour 
1.8 Instinct 
1.9 Motivation 
1.10 Stimulus filtering 
1.11 Sign stimuli 
1.12 Code breakers

Patterns of Behaviour ..................................................................................29 
2.1 Reflexes 
2.1.1 Types of reflexes 
2.1.2 Reflex path 
2.1.3 Characteristics (latency, after discharge, summation, fatigue, inhibition) 
2.1.4 Comparison with complex behaviour
2.2 Orientation 
2.2.1 Primary and secondary orientation 
2.3 Kinesis 
2.3.1 Orthokinesis 
2.3.2 Klinokinesis 
2.4 Taxis 
2.4.1 Tropotaxis 
2.4.2 Klinotaxis 
2.4.3 Menotaxis (light compass orientation) 
2.4.4 Mnemotaxis 
2.4.5 Telotaxis 
2.4.6 Stimulus bound taxes 
2.5 Learning 
2.5.1 Associative learning: Classical Conditioning 
Operant conditioning 
2.5.2 Non-associative learning: Habituation 
Sensitization 

2.5.3 Latent learning 
2.5.4 Insight learning: Reasoning 
Intelligence 
Cognitive thinking 
2.5.5 Phase- specific learning: Imprinting 
3. Social Behaviour............................................................................................65 
3.1 Concept of society 
3.2 Communication and senses 
3.3 Insect’s society with Honey bee as example 
3.3.1 Polyethism 
3.3.2 Foraging in Honey bee 
3.3.3 Bee dancing 
3.3.4 Learning ability of honey bees 
3.3.5 Formation of new hives/ Queen 
3.4 Altruism 
3.5 Reciprocal Altruism 
3.6 Hamilton’s rule and inclusive fitness with examples 
4. Sexual Behaviour ..........................................................................................94 
4.1 Asymmetry of sex 
4.2 Sexual dimorphism 
4.3 Mate choice 

Contents ix 

4.3.1 Origins and history 
4.3.2 Benefits of mate choice 
4.3.3 Mechanism 
4.3.4 Sex role reversal in animals 
4.3.5 Mate choice for cognitive traits 
4.4 Intra sexual selection (male rivalary) 
4.4.1 Influencing factors 
4.4.2 Strategies to attract a female 
4.4.3 Pre and Post- copulatory rivalary 
4.4.4 Effect on female fitness 
4.5 Inter sexual selection (female choice) 
4.5.1 Mechanisms for female Mechanisms for female preference 
4.6 Sexual conflict 
4.6.1 Conflicts of interests between sexes 
4.6.2 Sex biased gene expression 
4.6.3 Evidence of positive selection in sexually antagonistic genes 
4.6.4 Sexual antagonism, sex linkage and location of genes under conflict 
4.6.5 Evolutionary theories 
4.6.6 Advantages and disadvantages 
4.6.7 Sexual conflict before and during mating 
4.6.8 Sexual conflict after mating 
4.7 Parental care 
4.7.1 Evolution of parental care 
4.7.2 Types of parental care 
4.7.3 Parental care in animals 
4.7.4 Factors influencing parental care 
4.7.5 Factors influencing which sex provides parental care 
4.8 Infanticide 
4.8.1 Historical background 
4.8.2 Infanticide involving sexual conflict 
4.8.3 Costs and defenses 
4.8.4 Infanticide by parents and caregivers 
4.9 Courtship behaviour in 3 spined stickle back 
5. Chronobiology..............................................................................................153 
5.1 Biological clock 
5.2 Biological oscillation 
5.2.1 The concept of Period, Phase, Amplitude 
5.3 Mechanism of biological clock 
5.4 Types and characteristics of biological rhythms 

x A text Book of Animal Behaviour 
5.4.1 Short and long term rhythms 
5.4.2 Circadian rhythms 
5.4.3 Tidal rhythms 
5.4.4 Lunar rhythms or Circasynodic clocks 
5.4.5 Circannual rhythms 
5.5 Advantages and significance of biological clock 
5.6 Biological clocks: Inherited or acquired 
5.7 Biological clocks of endoparasites 
5.8 Role of melatonin 
5.9 Photic and non-photic zeitgebers 
5.9.1 Photoperiodism and regulation 
5.9.2 Photoperiod and Seasonal reproduction of vertebrates 
5.10 Jet lag 
5.11 Entrainment 
6. Genetic Basis of Behaviour.......................................................................181 
6.1 The genetic basis of behaviour 
6.2 Role of genes in shaping behaviour of an animal 
6.3 Research in behavioural genetics involving animals for studying human 
behaviour 
7. Behavioural Eco-Toxicology.....................................................................188 
7.1 What is behavioural toxicology? 
7.2 Toxicity of different toxicants 
7.3 Integrative behavioural ecotoxicology: behavioural ecology, toxicology, and 
conservation 
7.4 Tinbergen’s Four Questions 
7.5 Effect of toxicity on some organisms 
8. Pheromones ..................................................................................................204 
8.1 What is pheromone? 
8.2 Discovery of pheromones 
8.3 Identification, Extraction and Nature of pheromones 
8.4 Effects of Pheromones 
8.5 Pheromones in Invertebrates 
8.6 Pheromones in Vertebrates (Scent making in vertebrates) 
8.7 Mode of action of pheromones 
8.8 Economic uses of pheromones

ISBN: 978-93-91109-30-1

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